Georgia Okeeffe Essays (2051 words) - Modern Painters, Precisionism

Georgia O'keeffe Georgia O'Keeffe Georgia Totto O'Keeffe was born in the year on November 15, 1887. She was one of seven children and spent most of her childhood on a farm, with the typical farm animals and rolling hills. O'Keeffe's aunt, not her mother, was mostly responsible for raising her. O'Keeffe did not care much for her aunt, she once referred to her as, the headache of my life. She did, however, have some admiration for her aunt's strict and self disciplined character. O'Keeffe was given her own room and less responsibility. The younger sisters had to do more chores and share close living conditions. A younger sister stated that O'Keeffe always wanted things her way, and if she didn't get them her way, she'd raise the devil. It was found through family and friends that O'Keeffe was like this throughout much of her life. O'Keeffe began her training early with private art lessons at home. The foundation of her future as an artist was made. When O'Keeffe was in the eighth grade she asked a daughter of a farm employee what she was going to do when she grew up. The girl said she didn't know. O'Keeffe replied very definitely, ...I am going to be an artist!--I don't really know where I got my artist idea...I only know that by that time it was definitely settled in my mind. She entered the Sacred Heart Academy, an art school in Madison, Wisconsin, in 1901. At school she discovered her blooming talent for artwork. Her art seemed to be the only stable element in O'Keeffe's younger life. In 1902 her parents moved to Virginia and were joined by the children in 1903. By the age of 16, O'Keeffe had 5 years of private art lessons at various schools in Wisconsin and Virginia. One particular teacher, Elizabeth Willis, encouraged her to work at her own pace and granted her opportunities that the other students felt were unfair. At times she would work intensely, and at other times she would not work for days. When it was brought to the attention of the principal, she would reply...When the spirit moves Georgia, she can do more in a day than you can do in a week After receiving her diploma in 1905 she left for Chicago to live with her aunt and attend the Art Institute of Chicago. She did not return to the Institute the following year after getting Typhoid Fever. Instead, in 1907 she enrolled at the Art Student League in New York City. Discouraged with her work, she did not return to the League in the fall of 1908, but moved back to Chicago and found work as a commercial artist. During this period O'Keeffe did not pick up a brush, and said that the smell of turpentine made her sick. She moved back to her family in Williamsburg, Virginia in 1909 and later enrolled at a nearby college. In 1912 a friend in Texas wrote to her explaining of a teaching position was open in Amarillo, Texas for a drawing supervisor. O'Keeffe applied for the position and was hired for the fall semester. O'Keeffe also made trips to Virginia in the summer months to teach at the University of Virginia. She would remain working at Amarillo until 1914. After resigning her job in Amarillo, O'Keeffe moved to New York City to attend Columbia Teachers College until accepting a teaching position at Columbia College in South Carolina. Having a light schedule, she felt it would be an ideal job that would give her time to paint. It was at this time that she left behind all she had been taught about in regards to painting and began to paint as she felt. I have things in my head that are not like what anyone has taught me...shapes and ideas so near to me...so natural to my way of being and thinking that it hasn't occurred to me to put them down... During her summers, she studied and taught art at the University of Virginia, working with Alon Bement, who introduced her to the theories of Arthur Wesley Dow. Returning to New York in 1914, she enrolled at Columbia Teachers College to study under Dow, whom she later credited as

Essay on Dreams Margaret Thatcher and willy

Essay on Dreams Margaret Thatcher and willy Essay on Dreams: Margaret Thatcher and willy Dreams can be life enhancing but they can also be destructive. Compare and contrast how dreams and dreaming are presented to us in these two plays. Dreams can give opportunity for a better life but can also be destructive. They can be partly successful shown through the character Marlene but can have devastating consequences for characters in both plays, especially in Death of a Salesman through the characters Willy and Biff. In the two plays, Willy and Marlene both dream of being successful in business but however, have a different perception of how to achieve this dream. Miller’s Death of a Salesman focuses on the American Dream, or at least Willy Loman’s version of it. Many people believe in The American Dream and its role in shaping peoples success. Willy had the wrong perspective of this dream, and believed the key to success was to be â€Å"well-liked† which would then open doors to business and success. He also thought, business men were risk-takers and adventurers like his uncle Ben. Willy is envious of Ben's success in the business world, â€Å"William, when I walked into the jungle, I was seventeen. When I walked out I was twenty-one. And, by God, I was rich!† - Ben's American Dream is the ability to start with nothing and somehow make a fortune. Marlene on the other hand, doesn't care if she's â€Å"well-liked† and becomes successful independently. This happened through the system of which was happening around that time, ‘Capitalism.’ This is a system of free enterprise. This means that the government doesn’t interfere in the economy and everyone earns their own money. This system was put into power by Margaret Thatcher in the early 80s. Marlene was Capitalist and was encouraged by Thatcher and worked hard for her own money and lifestyle. She is richer than her sister due to the system, as she was a Socialist. Also, the audience is presented with two different female role models; Marlene and Joyce. Marlene could be seen as a feminist role model – fighting against her female stereotype, and fighting for equality in the workplace where as Joyce is exactly the opposite, giving into the female stereotype of â€Å"mother†. At the same time both characters had to make sacrifices to their lifestyle in order to gain this dream of success. However, all of Marlene's hard work meant giving up her own child and family in order to pursue her success, leaving Angie in the hands of Joyce. This un-ables Joyce to pursue her dreams as she’s trapped in the entanglement Marlene put her in. A woman's American Dream is to have a full family, however this prevented Joyce from pursuing this - â€Å"i did get pregnant and i lost it because i was looking after your fucking baby.† Joyce and Linda are somewhat similar, as they both may dream of having a full family. Linda also wants to keep Willy happy. So, she therefore follows Willy’s dream - â€Å"She more than loves him, she admires him, as though his... massive dreams and little cruelties, served her as only sharp reminders of the turbulent longings within him† but she †lacks the temperament to utter and follow to their end.† Thi s dream of keeping Willy satisfied meant sacrificing the idea of a complete family, as she gives Biff and Happy an ultimatum; keep Willy happy, or they wouldn’t be welcome anymore. Willy does everything for his family but the entrapment of his illusional dream was beginning to tear his family apart because of the failure to reach his American dream, he begins to live this dream through his sons, Happy and Biff. Willy dreams of making them successful business men, as he says â€Å"Thats just the way i’m bringing them up, Ben - rugged, well-liked, all-around.† However, its because of this dysfunctional relationship thats begins to ruin the Loman family. Biff clashes with Willy as they both dream differently. Biff dreams of having a life in the

Conflict Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Conflict Management - Assignment Example Having nothing to do at home, I decided to check on Jack earlier so that we could spend sometime telling stories as usual before finally setting off to Marcus’s party, which was some hours away. Never did I know that a bizarre incident was boiling up for the day. When my friend Jack returned from shower, he thought of calling Marcus to get us informed of how the event was progressing and just to confirm that we would not be late for the occasion. Absurdly, Jack could not find his iPhone where he thought he had placed it. Being the only man in the room, it is needless to say I was the chief suspect. With no hesitation, my friend confronted me shamelessly for stealing his gadget. It was like I had been struck hard on my head. Stealing someone’s property? Jack was my friend, how could I be that malicious even if I was accustomed thief? I could not contain my furry. I could not resist shouting back at my friend who was also at the top of his voice demanding to be given back his treasured device. However, my shouting only escalated the conflict instead of helping to find an immediate resolution to the conflict. Fortunately, Jack’s younger sister, who was outside, heard our quarrel and came into the room, perhaps, wondering if we had gotten into party mood that early. To her dismay, we were almost to the point of exchanging blows. Her first speech was, â€Å"Please, Jack what is all this about?† â€Å"Imagine that I cannot find my iPhone when this thing here was the only one I left in the room while I went to shower!† Jack replied. Without another word, she flashed out her cell phone and called Jack’s number. Fortunately, a thrilling sound emerged from an adjacent room. Jack was too ashamed to look at me straight in the eye. On the other hand, my anger had taken full control of me to think of anything other than getting back home and nursing my moment of furry in solitude. I quietly left the room and headed home. If I could replay the

Personal use of ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Personal use of ethics - Essay Example Ethics can be further sub-divided in many forms, such as deontological ethics, utilitarian ethics, natural law ethics, Divine command ethics, social contract ethics, care ethics, virtue ethics, and normative ethics. All these ethics have a very specific and pivotal role in personal life of an individual, as well as his/her professional commitments (Mizzoni?, 2010). Deontological ethics can be referred to as morality, obligation or rule based ethics. Deontology dictates the moral values of a person as a response to the rules and regulations even if he or she is not being monitored. It is something related to self discipline. Utilitarian ethics include all good and bad results of an act, which are produced after completion of an act or popped-up at any stage during the act. The acts can be classified as morally right or wrong only if the consequences are so significant that a person wishes to see the agent compelled, not merely persuaded and exhorted, to act in the preferred manner. Vi rtue ethics is the ordinary times of our lives when we face daily life decisions that involve conflict of values. It is concerned about how people express and form their character through their choices and actions in everyday situation. It sees the ordinary life as the place where most of moral life takes place (Pojman?, 2005). Virtue ethics in normal life Among the above defined ethics, virtue ethics is the most common and important of all ethics as it has a role to play in every walk of life. It forms the basis towards other major approaches; it is goal oriented ethics because we strive to live morally in order to move closer to the perfection that God desires and perfect union with the God that awaits us. Virtue ethics are commonly referred as Aristotelian virtue ethics. These ethics are teleological as the character values of a person are linked with relations to other human beings. In our daily life and our connection with the people around us, the thing that creates the person ality image is purely dependent upon some of the factors. The first factor is how much obligations one has to him/herself, the family, the community or the world at large. These obligations come through the basic character traits induced in grooming and personality development. The second factor is being fair in life with everyone, irrespective of the fact that this person is known or unknown to you (Carr? and Steutel, 1999). Having achieved a better standard in virtue ethics by some of the factors mentioned above, the individual can influence all aspects of his/her life, including the profession. A person with strong character traits will definitely be loyal and hardworking to the profession, thereby keeping an instinct check on his/her dealings and response to the surrounding people. Justified behaviour with everyone is of utmost important in our day to day life; whether we are at home with families, out in market for shopping or in hospital for medical care (Shaw?, 1993). In toda y’s era, everyone around us seems to be much self-centred, busy in the personal life, committed to the private business; thereby ignoring or not paying the due attention to the rights of people around. We observe the same while we are travelling on the road, interacting with people in markets, in the streets and even in the hospitals. We only focus on requirements and needs specific to us without realizing that someone may be in more distress or has got more disturbances. Even if we extend help to someone, s/he feels

Does China really want to establish itself in a position of Essay

Does China really want to establish itself in a position of unquestioned preponderance in the region and seeks to displace the United States as the dominant player in East Asia - Essay Example China was weak and vulnerable during the Century of Humiliation. This adds urgency to its pursuit of power and its desire for regional preeminence. China has been riven by rebellions causing assassination of millions of people throughout the 19th century. The imperial government’s compliance with the foreign demands and resistance to the the growing presence of foreigners frequently fanned these uprisings. The Century of Humiliation has left deep scars in the memory of China as a nation. A prime reason behind China’s eagerness to become powerful is to deter such conditions from happening in the future. Drive for annexation of Taiwan to the mainland For China, the situation regarding the sea is of more significance as compared to that regarding the land. The West also challenged Japan like China, but the rulers of Japan were more adept at reestablishing their military and political system as compared to China’s. Japan’s military defeated China’s mili tary in the mid-1890s and took control of different portions of Manchuria and Taiwan. Japan’s encroachment into the Chinese territory increased further in the first half of the 20th century. So in order to establish itself as a country of unquestioned preponderance in East Asia, it is imperative that China makes a strategy to annex Taiwan with it, drive America out of the way, and also, be stronger than Japan. â€Å"[T]here remain several vesitges of [the Century of Humiliation] that, in the minds of many Chinese, must be rectified before China’s recovery will be considered complete. The most important of these – and the only one that is non-negotiable – is the return of Taiwan to the mainland† (Kaufman 1). This is likely to result in... China has shown rapid growth of economy since the second half of the 20th century. The US presently sees China as a threat because of a lot of reasons. One of the key issues in the defense planning of the US is to sort out the way to respond to the military modernization effort made by China. According to the Department of Defense (DOD), â€Å"China’s rise as a major international actor is likely to stand out as a defining feature of the strategic landscape of the early 21st Century [and China’s military] is now venturing into the global maritime domain, a sphere long dominated by the U.S. Navy†¦ I have moved from being curious to being genuinely concerned [about the military programs of China† (Mullen cited in O’Rouke). Another major reason because of which China is evolving as a potential threat to the US is its growing economic power. China is a major exporter of goods and products all over the world. Even the US imports a large share of both raw a nd manufactured goods from China. Most of the motivation China has for growth comes from its commitment to be self-sufficient and strong enough to deter such a time in the future from occurrence. Since the late 20th century, government of China has introduced some radical changes that have helped the economy of China flourish. China is strengthening its military and access to the Arabian Sea. In spite of all these measures, China does not want to enter into a war with the US. While this is an established fact that China really wants to establish itself in a position of unquestioned preponderance in the region, yet it cannot be said with utmost surety that China seeks to displace the US as the dominant player in East Asia.

Effect of Greywater on Plant Growth

Effect of Greywater on Plant Growth Water availability in South Africa is integral to the economy, but South Africa is a water scarce nation. An alternate solution for household waste water, excluding toilet waste commonly known as greywater is to use it for irrigation in rural community gardens. This is likely to decrease the stress on the current potable water supply and simultaneously improve food security. Indigenous African leafy vegetables are a staple diet throughout Africa. A viability trial highlighted three out of six African leafy vegetable species; Amaranthus terere, Corchorus olitorius and Cloeme gynandra. Two treatments were used as suitable for trials of germination and growth under irrigation of tap water and greywater. Greywater treatments throughout the species decreased germination and seedling height was diminished. A. terere was the most robust to both the treatments as well as weather variability. Continuous investigation is needed to address the water scarcity and subsequent food insecurity. Keywords: greywater, irrigation trial, African leafy vegetables, germination and growth Introduction Water scarcity in South Africa is an issue that requires robust discussion and debate. If not addressed, it is likely to have serious consequences for both economic growth and the countrys population (Momba et al., 2006). Agricultural industry constitutes 12% of South Africas GDP. Even though this sector is decreasing, it is still water intensive. Without aviable water source, economic input in this sector is likely to have ramifications on the countrys health (Morel and Diener, 2006). Statistics show 65% of the country receives less than 500mm of rainfall per annum (Schulze, 1997). The level of water insecurity places pressure on the existing water resource for irrigation. This shortage is felt disproportionally by small-scale subsistence farmers and community gardeners. South Africa is one of twelve countries that have safe drinking in the world and is ranked third in this group. However, there are many rural communities with under-developed water supply systems or these communities lack access to potable water sources (Momba et al., 2006 and Mackintosh and Colvin, 2002). While the need is great these small communities, they account a small percentage of the customer base. This then fuels the vicious cycle of supply and demand. As a result alternative water sources need to be acquired to satisfy the demand. Grey water is likely to be a viable prospect to efficiently mitigate this deficiency (Alcamo et al., 2000). It consists of domestic waste water excluding toilet waste. The use of potable water is not needed for all consumptive practices, example irrigation (Alfiya et al., 2011). The main objective of finding alternative and sustainable water usage is to attain water security. Water insecurity is highly interlinked with food insecurity (Al-Jayyousi, 2002 and Blaine, 2012). Thus the use of greywater for small scale agriculture has the potential to address both water insecurity and food insecurity (Rodda et al., 2011). They are most usually harvested from the wild. This practice is a threat to the continued survival of these plants Cultivating African leafy vegetables would also address their conservation need (Momba et al., 2006). Indigenous African leafy vegetables are a part of the staple diet in South Africa (Momba et al., 2006). The challenge is to continue production of these vegetables without jeopardizing potable water supplies, but by utilizing alternate water source such as grey water as a means of irrigation. The concept of grey water had both advantages and disadvantages (Rodda et al., 2011). Reducing stress on the potable supply is a main benefit but there are drawbacks to using waste material to grow plants, households have different proportions of additives, thus may effect plant growth (Roesner et al., 2006). Whereas the risks are divided into three main categories; possible detrimental effects on the environment which decreases the ability for soil to provide plant growth, subsequent effects on plant growth and yield, and risk to human health (Rodda et al., 2011). The aim of this study was to determine whether irrigation with grey water had an effect on seed germination and seedling growth, and whether this effect differed with detergent formulation. The objective was to assess if grey water can replace potable water for irrigation of indigenous plants. It was predicted that seedlings under tap water-irrigated conditions would have a greater growth rate than under greywater conditions. It was further predicted that rate of germination would not be affected by the grey water. Materials and methods This investigation took place in 2 parts. This first was to assess the viability of the seeds and to select the species for further investigation. In the second, seed germination and seedling growth under grey water and tap water treatments irrigation were evaluated. Germination trials Germination trials were performed in the laboratory in the Biology Building at UKZN (Westville Campus). An initial experiment was conducted with six species (Solanum nigrum, Amarathus terere, Corchorus olitorius, Solanum villosum, Amarathus dubois and Cloeme gynandra). Germination was tested. The most viable 3 were chosen to determine the germinability of the three selected species of African leafy vegetables. Only viability was tested for as this was pertinent to the success of the actual trial. The viability criteria were the speed at which germination took place. This indicated the viability of the seeds and validates the ability to germinate under controlled conditions. The germination viability trial was conducted in the laboratory. Each of the three species (Cloeme gynandra; Amaranthus terere; Cochorus olitorius) had six replicates of ten seeds each. Seeds were placed randomly on filter paper in a Petri dish and a smaller piece of filter paper was placed over. They were watered with deionised water until moist. An equal number of seeds were placed under illuminated and dark conditions. These were then monitored every 24 hours and replenished with deionised water as necessary. Once germination had occurred and the radicle was greater than 1 cm, seedlings were moved to the left side of the Petri dish. This prevented recounting and recording. Percentage germination was recorded. Description of Species The initial viability trial revealed that the following three Kenyan species were the most viable. C. gynandra is commonly known as spider plant. It is used as a component of a high fibre diet and, from indigenous knowledge, has medicinal properties (Mauyo et al., 2008). A. terere is another widely grown consumable in East Africa (Nabulo et al., 2011). The final species used was Corchorus olitorius, Jews mallow, a dark green leafy vegetable high in protein which is consumed in most African communities. Irrigation Trial Trails of irrigation with greywater and tap water were then performed in the Biology greenhouse at UKZN (Westville campus). Synthetic greywater (10 l) was made up freshly weekly (Table 1). It was stored in the cold storage to impede bacterial and algal growth. Detergent products used to generate the greywater were representative of solid or powder detergent products typically used in lower income households, which are those most likely to benefit from the use of greywater for irrigation of subsistence crops. The flour, nutrient broth and cooking oil were used to represent carbohydrates, salts and proteins, and greases respectively in the synthetic greywater. Seedling trays (6) were filled with Berea red soil. For three days prior to planting, the seedling trays were watered with tap water and greywater respectively until they were saturated to field capacity. The seeds were then planted into seedling trays. Species were randomized per tray. Sixty seeds of each species were watered with tap water and the other sixty seedlings were watered with the synthetic grey water. For the first 14 days, trays were watered every 24 hours. Each seed was hydrated with 0.25 ml of either synthetic grey water or tap water. Thereafter, trays were watered every second day for the remainder of the trial. The experiment was repeated three time under three treatment groups; the first treatment group was tap water for germination and subsequent growth, tap water for germination and then greywater for growth and the final treatment of grey water throughout the lifespan of the plants. Height was measured weekly. Productivity was measured by destructive harvesting (dry mass production) at end of experiment. However plant height was gauged growth during the experiment. On two occasions there was death of seedlings due to severe weather conditions and this restricted the growth period. Since this investigation was over a short time span. The weather impacted the progress of experiment. Weather variability such as intense heat, humidity and berg winds, and strong rains affected the seedlings. Even though they were protected in the shade house, the extreme elements could have inhibited their germination and growth. Statistical Analysis The data were analyzed using SSPS version 19. Two sets of statistical analyses were performed. The first test was to show the difference between greywater and tap water in terms of growth (height). A Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was performed to test for normality. Levenes test for Equality of Variances was performed, the assumption homoscedasticity was violated but all other assumptions were satisfied. Since the data was not normally distributed a more robust Mann-Whitney U test was done, to evaluate the differences in germination for each species under the two conditions (greywater-irrigated and tap water-irrigated). An excel graph was then used to show the rate at which the all three species comparatively germinated in terms of the two treatments (greywater-irrigated and tap water-irrigated). Results Seed germination and seedling growth are gauged by the germination totality and seedling height measured weekly. Initial germination was 70% in tap water-irrigated seeds whereas as 45% in greywater-irrigated seeds. Figure 1 shows the totality of germinated seeds present over time for each of the three species. A. terere and C. olitorius had the highest totality under controlled laboratory conditions; C. gynandra seeds had the lowest survival percentage >40%. A. terere has the highest standard deviation, indicating the data is wide spread. Figure 2 the initial and final number of seedlings present per species and the treatment. Co. olitorius under the grey water treatment had the least number of seedlings that survived. This species also had the greatest difference between the treatments. A. terere had the greatest number of individuals that survived in both the treatments. The results of the Mann-Whitney U test rejected the H0 that there will be no difference between the two treatments, there is a significant difference between height of the three species per treatment. Therefore the distributions of height for each species across the treatments are different. Plant height differed significantly among the treatment (p < 0.05). Greywater -irrigated seedlings consistently attained a lesser height than tap water-irrigated seedlings across all species (Figure 3). Figures 3 indicate the difference in height between tap water irrigated and greywater-irrigated plants for each species. The standard deviation is shown as an error bar. Seedling height 18days after germination was lower in grey-water irrigated plants than in tap water-irrigated plants for all 3 species. A. terere had the largest standard deviation of tap water-irrigation with 10.197 whereas the greywater-irrigation treatment was 9.1197. C. olitorius which had a visibly lower standard deviation than A. terere tap water-irrigated treatment was 5.753186 and the greywater-irrigated treatment was 1.558646. Finally with the lowest standard deviation, C. gynandra tap water-irrigated treatment was 0.588196 and the greywater-irrigated treatment was 0.316563. C. olitorius had the greatest discrepancy for tap water-irrigated and greywater-irrigated. Discussion and Conclusion Africa, according to Morel and Diener (2006) is known as a water insecure continent. As adjustments are discussed on the efficient use of potable water, reusing waste water is seen as a possible solution. Alternative irrigation methods are needed for progress. Greywater is a possible alternative water source, however contrasting evidence in Morel and Diener (2006) indicates that the potential drawbacks, even though greywater is less contaminated than other waste water. Untreated greywater contains solid particles, pathogens, grease and oils, salts, and chemicals. According to Rodda et al. (2011) these impurities could have negative effects on soil quality, ground water supply and human health. With such strong findings there are studies that have shown greywater reuse as a viable alternative to 100% potable water. Greywater has been implemented a cost-effective means to reduce domestic water levels. According to Morel and Diener (2006) greywater reuse produced average yield, with decrease in water usage and fertilizer requirements. In both Cyprus and Israel domestic water used was reduced by effective greywater management schemes (Moral and Diener, 2006). In this study, greywater-irrigated seeds and plants consistently yielded poorer germination (Figure 1 and 2) and growth (Figure 3) of three species of African leafy vegetables. The germination trial (Figure1) yielded a higher percentage of germinated seeds than the outdoor irrigation trial. This is possibly due to the controlled, pathogen-free environment in the laboratory. Cited by Pinto (2010) experiment alternate watering regimes of potable water and greywater resulted in the growth of the plants very similar to 100% potable water. This is a means to mitigate the soil health risks related with greywater reuse. Even though Pinto (2010) had no significant change of plant biomass in the control and treatment, it differed in this investigation. Figure 2 indicates that A. terere were unable to acquire a high germination percentage in grey-water irrigated treatments but acquired the highest tap water-irrigated germination percentage. Hence the treatment of greywater-irrigated seeds affected their ability to germinate, with initial germination at 70% in tapwater-irrigated seedlings whereas as 45% in greywater-irrigated seedlings. The best germination in greywater-irrigation was observed by A. terere, possibly reflecting its resilience under a wide range of conditions as mentioned by Nabulo et al. (2011). Cl. gynandra had an average of  ±7% greater tapwater-irrigated seedling germination than greywater- irrigated seedling germination. Conversely Co.olitorius had the greatest variability between tapwater-irrigated seedling germination than greywater- irrigated seedling germination. Since a significant difference was calculated, greywater does effect the germination of seeds and subsequently the amount of germinated seeds able to grow. A possible factor in poor survival of both tap water- and greywater-irrigated seedlings, in addition to weather conditions, is nutrient depletion. Berea red sand had a composition of 62.68% SiO2 which is generally used and is nutrient poor (Okonta and Manciya, 2010) Since a watering regime observed, nutrients to the plant was not considered. Other nutrients found in soil are needed for healthy growth. Seedling trays were used to separate species and keep difference treatment uncontaminated but after the 2 week germination period, nutrients are need for plant growth. Each seed had  ± 18cm2 of Berea red soil, this soil consists of 12-64% and 15-57% of fine and medium sand respectively (Hamel, 2006). Water holding capacity of the soil is thus diminished due to porosity. This could have exacerbated the depletion of nutrients in the volume of sand thus leading to their inability to withstand weather variability. Soapy residue may have contributed to poor performance of the greywater-irrigated seeds and seedlings. Mataix-Solera et al. (2011) point out that the detergents in greywater cause soil water repellency of soil. It can be argued that greywater might be an interim solution, but posed long-term effects that might not be easily remedied. Soapy soil could cause hydrophobic soil properties which have poor water hold capacity. This could have hampered the germinated seeds shoot from emerging through the soil due to the coagulated surface. An alternate solution can be found according to Pinto (2010), where altering water regimes between grey water and potable resembled the results observes in 100% potable water. The pH levels remains similar between water regimes. In household greywater system the proposal ceramic pot filter is used this eradicates the large particles. Another caveat of this investigation is changing the watering regime. Initially seeds are watered every day until germination which is  ± 10days and then changed to every alternate day. Since plants are sensitive to change, the watering regime should be carefully monitored in conjunction with weather patterns. This ensures a smooth transition for the seedlings. According to Roesner et al. (2006) household waste contains 2500-5000 chemicals which if used as greywater could cause coagulation at the soil surface. More organic products could be used to reduce the amount of chemicals in the greywater (Al-Jayyousi, 2002). Pre-treatment of greywater and limiting its used only to salt-tolerant crops could allow wide use of greywater for irrigation (Al-Jayyousi, 2002). In this investigation germination of all three species was diminished under greywater-irrigated conditions, this being said with calculated changes to the experiment, greywater could possibly be a viable option in the future. An observation was made during the experiment, refer to appendix image 1 and 2 of A. terere, the leaf colour in greywater-irrigated treatment was lighter than the tap water-irrigated treatment. Image 3 and 4 also exhibit the same phenomenon in C. gynandra. Cultivation in Jordan of different crops yielded a similar observation, this was attributed to the solids and increased salinity of the greywater (Al-Jayyousi, 2002). Although the results obtained conclusively show that greywater does effect the both the germinability of the seeds and subsequent growth. It is recommended that seeds should not be irrigated with grey water, possibly increasing the percentage of seed germination. Organizations such as the Water research council are investigating innovative ideas to alleviate the pressure on South Africas stressed water system. Primary greywater systems in community gardens should be not be implement immediately rather as in Pinto et al. (2010) a combination of greywater and tap water should be used. This will relieve the possibility of failing crops. Social and environmental sustainability are interlinked which fuels the economy. Water is an integral part life and therefore should be continuously well-managed. Further research is necessary as water scarcity and availability still threatens food security around Africa.

Analysis of Lucy Gayheart by Willa Cather Essay -- Lucy Gayheart Willa

Analysis of Lucy Gayheart by Willa Cather Lucy Gayheart is a young, spirited, intelligent music student from Havorford, on the South Platte River. In the winters, she attends a conservatory in Chicago, under the tutelage of Professor Auerbach. In Chicago, she lives in a room above a German bakery, where she takes her breakfasts and suppers. These small quarters do not distress her; indeed, she craves the solitude of her own will, her own piano, her own bed. She walks hungrily through Chicago, her appetite for life never disappointed by the thriving midwestern metropolis. She is beautiful, she is talented, and her young heart has never been broke. The year is 1901. At some point in everyone's life, you meet someone whom you think can lift you beyond where you are, to a place where you al... Analysis of Lucy Gayheart by Willa Cather Essay -- Lucy Gayheart Willa Analysis of Lucy Gayheart by Willa Cather Lucy Gayheart is a young, spirited, intelligent music student from Havorford, on the South Platte River. In the winters, she attends a conservatory in Chicago, under the tutelage of Professor Auerbach. In Chicago, she lives in a room above a German bakery, where she takes her breakfasts and suppers. These small quarters do not distress her; indeed, she craves the solitude of her own will, her own piano, her own bed. She walks hungrily through Chicago, her appetite for life never disappointed by the thriving midwestern metropolis. She is beautiful, she is talented, and her young heart has never been broke. The year is 1901. At some point in everyone's life, you meet someone whom you think can lift you beyond where you are, to a place where you al...

The Role of Government and the Relationship Between the Individual and the State

Lara O’Gorman The legacy of an empire is defined by its ability to conquer and make a mark on society. Many people throughout history sought to create empires as a way to establish their power. Often when one looks at the wide spectrum of history, some empires only last a few hundred of years and then dwindle out. After their fall, their legacy does not continue and their history is loss to the ages. Without a legacy, Rome would have ceased to exist, and would not have carried it’s ideals to post-classical civilizations.Rome had a successful and functioning government that help established its power, grandeur, and impressive knowledge of the arts. Within society it is vital to have a dependable and structured government as to prevent uproar and rebellion. The importance of a stable and powerful government is portrayed in the literary work Lord of the Flies and the idealization of political rulers and the subordination of subjects is conveyed through the art pieces the B ronze Statue of the Emperor Trebonianus Gallus and the Marble Portrait of Marcus Aurelius.Rome is remembered as a vast empire that stood above all surrounding civilizations with pride and honor. Rome, at it’s highest point, was thought of as immortal and impenetrable. It was only until the gradual decay of the empire that people thought of it as mortal. Before the detrimental rippling stages of the fall of Rome, powerful rulers and structured government was instilled within the empire. Several of these powerful emperors kept Rome under their rule by subordinating their subjects and by enforcing political unity. Other rulers used tolerance and active roles in society to appeal to their subjects.One ruler, Marcus Aurelius ascended to the throne in 161 AD and was deemed a philosopher king that was different from his predecessors. His philosopher status is recorded through the common depiction of him in a toga and adorning a Greek-inspired beard. He was interested in rational thi nking and tolerated all different sects of religion. Some say that his openness was his downfall and that his optimistic view of all things caused him to allow one of Rome’s worst emperors into his line of heir. Aurelius had an active role in government and did not discriminate against lower class people moving up in the world.He allowed people that were fit for government job, no matter what class, to have a say. This demonstrates his thought on his subordinates and how he not afraid to converse and involve himself with them. His openness is reflected in the calm and composed face of the portrait and how he is wise and is making a noble decision. Marcus was a fierce ruler and a good general, despite Rome’s loss against the Germanic tribes in war. The toga in which is realistically draped over his torso can be interpreted as a general’s attire. The militaristic style of his clothing suggest that he is the protector and is a strong ruler.Marcus lived a life of lu xury and suffered little. His wealth enabled him to surround himself with items of luxury. The emperor of Rome usually had portrait busts of their ancestors within his palace, which communicates the important and high position Marcus Aurelius had within society. The portrait busts were usually idealized, which can be see in the flawless bust that communicates that Marcus Aurelius was a strong, intelligent, and wealthy ruler. A second ruler, whom in contrast used his power and authority to rule his subordinates, ascended to power after the death of Decius in 251 AD at the battle of Abrittus.There, Trebonianus Gallus took on the position of ruling the vast and expansionist civilization of Rome. The troops that Decius led claimed Trebonianus Gallus a suitable ruler due to his familiarity with the government and his influence as a senate member. Gallus, to prevent the Goths from attacking again, signed a peace treaty that stated he would pay yearly tribute to them. To demonstrate Gallus ’ power over his subjects and ability to make executive decisions, the bronze statue portrays his arm are outstretched. This gesture is common with giving commands and looking down upon subjects from a higher point in society.Once Gallus was instated as emperor, he found that his empire had become plague stricken and the Roman population was dropping. To gain admiration from his subjects he buried the dead plague victims properly and spared no expense. This action suggests a confident personality, which is further expressed in the facial expression. Gallus, however, was seen inept in all other political categories. He was indecisive about detrimental political decisions, which greatly affected the state. Due to Gallus’ lack of political leadership, rebellions sparked within the empire, causing Trebonianus to flee to the north with his troops.The facial expression of the statue could also be interpreted as oblivious to his political duties and to the betrayal he would s oon face. With the threat of defeat and possible death lingering over his army, Gallus was killed, along with his co-emperors. Trebonianus Gallus was not seen as a beneficial addition to the empire and caused a plethora of problems, along with a growing feeling of discontent within the empire. The lack of skills Trebonianus possessed called for the end of his life. Although Gallus lacked military skill, his statue portrait is portrayed with the hair and beard style that soldiers favored.This conveys how leaders were idealized as to express authority and the greatness of the empire. When the leader of a united group becomes corrupt and unfit to complete his role in government, the subjects take action into their own hands. If discontent rises, rebellion and removal of power are probable. The mutiny that occurred with the homocide of Gallus, greatly demonstrates the importance of having a competent and understanding ruler as well as how the state is strong enough to react to problems that greatly affect the state as a whole.The fall of the great Roman Empire can be credited to many factors, but what caused the empire to completely corrode was the invasion by barbarians. In 410 AD, the Visigoths were led by Alaric to Ravenna where they soon ransacked the city and caused Rome to finally surrender its title of immortal. Due to the empire being strained prior to the attacks because of corruption in government, loss of tradition, and an unskilled military, it was easy for Alaric to fulfill the prophecy of penetrating â€Å"the city. It was clear that after the invasion by the Visigoths, Rome would not come out of it alive and victorious. The lack of a stable and prosperous government was one of the main factors that enabled Alaric to conquer Rome, which conveys the vitality of a strong government head. Compared to the fall of Rome, the plot of the Lord of the Flies by William Golding further explains why it is essential to have a central authority and how lacking th is political aspect can cause the downfall of a civilization.The 1954 novel discusses the social perils that ensue amongst English school boys once authority is not there to advise them. The literary work commences with the introduction of a tall blonde boy named Ralph that is soon accompanied by the voice of reason known as Piggy. During the time it takes Piggy and Ralph to become acquainted, they both realize that there are no adults on the island where their plane has crashed. They are astonished by this information but they still ask the question â€Å"Aren’t there any grownups at all? † The only reply that can be uttered is â€Å"I don’t think so. At first this information excited them and they become full of independence zeal, but later throughout the novel they begin to realize that a stable figure head is needed in order to have society function properly. Within society on the island, order is centered around a conch shell. This shell has symbolic value of order, normality, and power. Whomever holds the shell has the power to speak and to be heard. Piggy finds the shell within the first couple of stages of the plot and Ralph eventually uses it to signal the other children that were spread around the island by the crash.When all the children gather round the conch, a political issue arises; Who will be leader? Between the two most influential people in the group, Ralph and the chorus leader, Jack, an election is held. To Ralph’s advantage, the children say â€Å"Let him be chief with the trumpet thing. † The children recognize the conch as a centralizing factor and they search for stability in their new lives on the island. As with most empires and groups, irrational actions and discontent began to grow due to fear, anger, and power struggles. Power is wanted by the chorus leader, Jack, who sees himself as the most capable leader.He wishes to be in control, so he seeks the most controlling role within the new society; a hunter. By being the leader of the hunting party, he controls life and death and to whom or what he damages. The fact that Jack becomes this strong blood-thirsty leader enables the group to break away and form a corrupt and independent kingdom on the island. Strife begins to arise and violent actions begin to break out as the quest for power comes to a head. One of the most dramatic scenes in the book is when Ralph and Piggy go to Jack’s fortress in search of peace and unity.This peaceful venture turns into a bloodbath when the conch is destroyed and Piggy is killed by a boulder that is pushed from a mountainside by a chaos-consumed boy named Roger. Piggy was trying to remind the boys of the importance of rescue and how unity and peace should exist between the boys, but due to the lack of a strong and noble government, chaos and violence rules the kingdom of Castle Rock. The conch was the only remaining symbol of unity and stability, and it was crushed under the weight of a rock, which symbolically can be interpreted as the pressures of society and pure bedlam in society.The dark side of man is portrayed in the actions of the boys at Castle Rock. Because of these actions, â€Å"Ralph wept for the end of innocence, the darkness of man’s heart, and the fall through the air of a true, wise friend called Piggy. † At this point in the novel, society is out of control and unorganized. The perils of man and the way society becomes tumultuous and coercive communicates the need for a stable head of government. For without a functioning government, chaos is able to run rampant and disorganization can spread wildly. Government helps to instill organization and keeps the people at peace of mind.The government makes corporal decisions that are usually for keeping social rebellions at ease and to keep daily lives functioning. History demonstrates these points, whether it be through the art works or the literary works, but still manage to communicate the ideals and power of the ruler of the time. Whether it be for a demonstration of power or a depiction of what society is like when not controlled, the purpose of the portrayals is to call for the use of a stable government in order to make a legacy for the empire in which the ruler has sovereignty.

The Constitution and Three-Fifths Compromise essays

The Constitution and Three-Fifths Compromise essays The Constitutional Convention of 1787 was held from the months of May to September, at the Philadelphia State House. Representatives from twelve of the thirteen colonies attended, to debate a wide range of constitutional provisions from the Bill of Rights to the power of taxation. The issue on the mind of almost every representative was what kind of government was best for a republic? Certain states submitted plans for a republican government, however, the most popular was the plan submitted by the Virginia delegation lead by James Madison. The Virginia Plan called for a government with three distinct branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. Using Montesquieus theory of checks and balances it was intended to ensure that no group could have too much authority, which could lead to tyranny. Although the delegates supported most of the proposed principles of the Virginia Plan, they were in disagreement in certain areas of the plan . The highest debate concerned the section on representation in the legislative branch. The Virginia Plan proposed that representation in the legislatives houses would be based on population of the state. Small states objected saying that it would leave them helpless in a government dominated by large states. In turn, they supported plan proposed by New Jersey, that gave all states an equal representation regardless of the population. The New Jersey Plan set up a two-part legislature, where representation in the House of Representatives was based on population and in the Senate each state was guaranteed a fixed two representatives. The issue of representation transformed into the debate over who would be counted as part of a states population. Delegate from southern states argued that slaves should be counted for the purposes of representation but not for the purposes of taxation. Representatives of Northern states felt the exact opposite, and argued that slaves should be counted when dete...

90+ Metaphor Examples in Literature That You Need to Know

90+ Metaphor Examples in Literature That You Need to Know The Essential List of 90+ Metaphor Examples in Literature and Pop Culture What figure of speech is so meta that it forms the very basis of riddles? The answer: a metaphor.As Milan Kundera wrote in The Unbearable Lightness of Being: â€Å"Metaphors are dangerous. Metaphors are not to be trifled with.† Yet, paradoxically, they are an inescapable part of our daily lives - which is why it’s all the more important to understand exactly how they function.To help, this article has a list of 97 metaphor examples to show you what they look like in the wild. But if you have a moment to spare, let's learn a bit more about what a metaphor is. NINETY-SEVEN metaphor examples! Get your fix in this post! What is a metaphor?A metaphor is a literary device that imaginatively draws a comparison between two unlike things. It does this by stating that Thing A is Thing B. Through this method of equation, metaphors can help explain concepts and ideas by colorfully linking the unknown to the known; the abstract to the concrete; the incomprehensible to the comprehensible. It can also be a rhetorical device that specifically appeals to our sensibilities as readers.To give you a starting point, here are some examples of common metaphors:â€Å"Bill is an early bird.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Life is a highway.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Her eyes were diamonds.†Note that metaphors are always non-literal. As much as you might like to greet your significant other with a warhammer in hand (â€Å"love is a battlefield†) or bring 50 tanks of gasoline every time you go on a date (â€Å"love is a journey†), that’s not likely to happen in reality. Another spoiler alert: no, Katy Perry doesn't literally think that you're a firework. Rather, these are all instances of metaphors in action. Calvin Hobbes. Image: Bill WattersonDid we miss any of your favorite metaphors? Have more metaphor examples for us? Leave them in the (non-metaphorical) box below and we'll add them right in.

Reasons Affecting Nurses Working In Washington DC Research Paper

Reasons Affecting Nurses Working In Washington DC - Research Paper Example As per requirements, there may be call-backs. The condition is such that the nurses have to deal with more than one patient at a time. Due to an increase in work pressure, they may not get lunch breaks and may even have to work overtime. These reasons are hampering the quality of service that the nurses provide. These may result in fatigue, stress, loss of sleep and several other adverse consequences. Nurses of Washington DC, working in such an environment, have a greater chance of making mistakes during work. This work environment can discourage the nurses and that may lead to some of the nurses quitting nursing or limiting their working hours. Â  As per requirements, there may be call-backs. The condition is such that the nurses have to deal with more than one patient at a time. Due to an increase in work pressure, they may not get lunch breaks and may even have to work overtime. These reasons are hampering the quality of service that the nurses provide. These may result in fatigu e, stress, loss of sleep and several other adverse consequences. Nurses of Washington DC, working in such an environment, have a greater chance of making mistakes during work. This work environment can discourage the nurses and that may lead to some of the nurses quitting nursing or limiting their working hours. Effects of fatigue on performance Fatigue can adversely affect any type of performance. It can deteriorate alertness, concentration, judgment, etc. Human beings have developed a habit of working during the day and sleeping at night.

Reflective Case Study on the Assessment and Evaluation of Secondary Essay

Reflective Case Study on the Assessment and Evaluation of Secondary Mathematics - Essay Example An evaluation refers to an intermittent process of gathering data and then analyzing it in such a way that the resulting information can be used to determine whether an individual is effectively carrying out planned objectives. Through evaluation, we will be able to anticipate results of a student's progress. On the other hand, assessment is the process of detailing knowledge, skills, attitudes and beliefs which, in turn, is often used in the educational context. I may consider that both of these techniques are the first steps in getting your child the assistance he needs to learn and develop in school. In accordance to this, a series of educational assessments carried out on children attending schools in England, Wales and Northern Ireland that follows the National Curriculum was made, called as National Curriculum Assessments. The exam-based assessments (National Curriculum Tests) are often referred to as SATs (Standard, or Statutory, Assessment Tests), which was their title when they were being developed in the 1990s. One of the subjects that were given importance is the secondary mathematics. I personally believe that there has never been a greater need to be mathematically literate but for those who comprehend mathematics, there are important enhanced opportunities and options that will open doors to dynamic futures. In the National Curriculum, schools are ensure... It is a flexible framework given to teachers by Government, so that all school children are taught in a way that is balanced and manageable, but stretching enough to challenge them and meet their diverse needs. The National Curriculum is prearranged into blocks of years called 'key stages'. I am about to examine key stage 3 and key stage 4 performance in Mathematics. Here is an example individual pupil profile of a student in key stage 3. *Important Note: A pupil's score is only an estimate of true ability as performance on any one occasion can be affected by a number of factors such as mood, illness, external distractions etc. Here are the results of last year's (2005) National Curriculum Test Scores in Mathematics. These tables show the percentage of year 9 pupils achieving each level nationally in 2005 Assessment Data The following can are some available assessment tests that can be used. The Basic Yellis Test, which has been in use since 1992, as a measure of developed abilities providing a fair baseline from which GCSE predictions and value-added scores can be generated, also helps in assessing the pupil's performance with regards to the curriculum. Their compulsory math section has been designed with an emphasis on measuring fluency and speed as well as numerical ability. One of their most efficient ways of collecting mathematical information is the use of constructed answers rather than just multiple choice questions. According to them, the Math score is an excellent predictor of later academic achievement. Another quick way of assessment is GOAL or Goal plc (Global Online Assessment for Learning) established to provide an innovative